Who gained and lost importers' business?

Between 2022 and 2024, the largest supplier changed in 183 of 716 import markets worth at least $500 million in both years (26%). The biggest single gain: Norway went from 1.1% to 89% of Denmark's natural gas imports.

The window is short: BACI on this site covers 2022 to 2024, so these are changes over two years, not a long-run trend. A supplier's change in share counts here only when it moved by at least 5 percentage points by value and in the same direction by at least 2 points by weight, because a share of value moves with prices and product mix as well as with volumes, and requiring weight to agree removes moves that are mostly a price effect. A "supplier" is the exporting country as BACI records it, which can be a trading hub. 1,570 supplier shifts across 716 markets pass that test; the largest 25 gains and falls are below. Click a heading to sort.

Markets where the number one supplier changed

Import markets where the largest supplier differs between the first and last year
Importer	Commodity	Was the largest supplier	Now the largest supplier	Imports
China	Crude oil	Saudi Arabia 19% in 2022	Russia 20% in 2024	$318.4 billion
India	Crude oil	Iraq 21% in 2022	Russia 37% in 2024	$141.8 billion
Switzerland	Gold	United States 21% in 2022	United Arab Emirates 11% in 2024	$112.2 billion
Japan	Crude oil	Saudi Arabia 40% in 2022	United Arab Emirates 43% in 2024	$73.1 billion
Netherlands	Crude oil	Russia 15% in 2022	United States 29% in 2024	$54.8 billion
Germany	Crude oil	Russia 31% in 2022	United States 24% in 2024	$36.8 billion
Spain	Crude oil	Nigeria 15% in 2022	United States 17% in 2024	$35.6 billion
Italy	Crude oil	Russia 16% in 2022	Libya 21% in 2024	$32.4 billion
United Arab Emirates	Gold	Mali 10% in 2022	Switzerland 22% in 2024	$32.1 billion
Other Asia, nes	Crude oil	Iran 50% in 2022	Saudi Arabia 27% in 2024	$28.0 billion
Poland	Crude oil	Russia 37% in 2022	Saudi Arabia 45% in 2024	$18.0 billion
Singapore	Gold	Switzerland 22% in 2022	Australia 16% in 2024	$17.6 billion
Thailand	Gold	Switzerland 45% in 2022	Hong Kong 37% in 2024	$14.1 billion
Other Asia, nes	Natural gas	United States 42% in 2022	Australia 39% in 2024	$12.3 billion
Spain	Natural gas	United States 32% in 2022	Algeria 36% in 2024	$10.9 billion
Panama	Crude oil	Colombia 86% in 2022	Ecuador 50% in 2024	$10.6 billion
Thailand	Natural gas	Myanmar 19% in 2022	Qatar 22% in 2024	$9.4 billion
Turkey (Türkiye)	Natural gas	United States 26% in 2022	Azerbaijan 44% in 2024	$6.8 billion
India	Silver	Russia 16% in 2022	United Kingdom 42% in 2024	$5.6 billion
Cambodia	Gold	Singapore 72% in 2022	Thailand 57% in 2024	$5.4 billion
United States	Beef	New Zealand 26% in 2022	Australia 35% in 2024	$5.0 billion
Netherlands	Coal	Colombia 31% in 2022	Australia 49% in 2024	$4.9 billion
Chile	Crude oil	Brazil 70% in 2022	Argentina 46% in 2024	$4.7 billion
South Korea	Copper	Indonesia 22% in 2022	Chile 29% in 2024	$4.7 billion
Romania	Crude oil	Russia 46% in 2022	Kazakhstan 54% in 2024	$4.7 billion
China	Cotton	United States 64% in 2022	Brazil 38% in 2024	$4.5 billion
Indonesia	Gold	Hong Kong 31% in 2022	Australia 35% in 2024	$4.3 billion
United Kingdom	Silver	Kazakhstan 24% in 2022	China 36% in 2024	$4.2 billion
Italy	Steel	France 19% in 2022	Germany 14% in 2024	$4.1 billion
Bulgaria	Crude oil	Russia 83% in 2022	Kazakhstan 37% in 2024	$4.0 billion

The 30 largest of 183, by import value in the last year.

The biggest gains in share

Suppliers that gained the most share of an importer's purchases
Importer	Commodity	Supplier	Share then	Share now	Change by value	Imports
Denmark	Natural gas	Norway	1.1%	89%	+88 points	$578 million
Kenya	Wheat	Russia	24%	82%	+58 points	$617 million
Morocco	Coal	United States	26%	79%	+53 points	$1.7 billion
Panama	Crude oil	Ecuador	<0.1%	50%	+50 points	$10.6 billion
Czechia	Natural gas	Norway	17%	65%	+48 points	$2.9 billion
Saudi Arabia	Wheat	Romania	<0.1%	48%	+48 points	$1.3 billion
Saudi Arabia	Barley	Russia	12%	59%	+47 points	$868 million
Colombia	Corn	United States	52%	97%	+46 points	$1.6 billion
Tunisia	Wheat	Russia	<0.1%	45%	+45 points	$655 million
United Arab Emirates	Steel	China	27%	71%	+44 points	$2.4 billion
Cambodia	Gold	Thailand	13%	57%	+44 points	$5.4 billion
Chile	Crude oil	Argentina	2.4%	46%	+44 points	$4.7 billion
Pakistan	Wheat	Russia	27%	70%	+43 points	$545 million
China	Barley	Australia	<0.1%	42%	+42 points	$3.1 billion
Indonesia	Sugar	Brazil	18%	60%	+42 points	$2.8 billion
Finland	Natural gas	Norway	4%	45%	+41 points	$1.2 billion
Yemen	Wheat	Australia	36%	78%	+41 points	$578 million
Bangladesh	Sugar	Brazil	47%	87%	+40 points	$870 million
Iraq	Sugar	Brazil	52%	92%	+39 points	$738 million
Other Asia, nes	Natural gas	Australia	<0.1%	39%	+39 points	$12.3 billion
Iran	Rice	India	61%	100%	+39 points	$701 million
Iran	Corn	Brazil	48%	86%	+38 points	$1.1 billion
Serbia	Crude oil	Kazakhstan	<0.1%	38%	+38 points	$1.4 billion
Netherlands	Coal	Australia	11%	49%	+38 points	$4.9 billion
Hong Kong	Palladium	Armenia	<0.1%	37%	+37 points	$695 million

The biggest losses in share

Suppliers that lost the most share of an importer's purchases
Importer	Commodity	Supplier	Share then	Share now	Change by value	Imports
Denmark	Natural gas	Germany	97%	5.5%	−91 points	$578 million
Vietnam	Crude oil	Kuwait	87%	<0.1%	−87 points	$642 million
Bulgaria	Crude oil	Russia	83%	<0.1%	−83 points	$4.0 billion
Pakistan	Soybeans	Brazil	75%	<0.1%	−75 points	$530 million
Other Asia, nes	Copper	Indonesia	67%	5.6%	−61 points	$903 million
Saudi Arabia	Barley	Australia	62%	4.2%	−58 points	$868 million
Uruguay	Crude oil	United States	67%	9.6%	−57 points	$854 million
Norway	Aluminum	Russia	57%	0.4%	−57 points	$644 million
Bangladesh	Wheat	India	54%	<0.1%	−54 points	$692 million
China	Corn	United States	71%	18%	−53 points	$2.1 billion
Spain	Gold	United Kingdom	55%	3.6%	−51 points	$1.3 billion
Other Asia, nes	Crude oil	Iran	50%	<0.1%	−50 points	$28.0 billion
France	Nickel	Luxembourg	50%	0.4%	−50 points	$703 million
Panama	Crude oil	Colombia	86%	37%	−49 points	$10.6 billion
Czechia	Natural gas	Russia	79%	31%	−48 points	$2.9 billion
Serbia	Crude oil	Russia	46%	<0.1%	−46 points	$1.4 billion
Romania	Crude oil	Russia	46%	<0.1%	−46 points	$4.7 billion
Iraq	Sugar	India	46%	0.4%	−45 points	$738 million
Egypt	Crude oil	Kuwait	46%	2.5%	−44 points	$947 million
Qatar	Gold	United Arab Emirates	86%	43%	−43 points	$542 million
Vietnam	Wheat	Australia	71%	29%	−43 points	$1.1 billion
Croatia	Crude oil	Azerbaijan	96%	54%	−42 points	$1.8 billion
Bangladesh	Sugar	India	53%	10%	−42 points	$870 million
Philippines	Copper	Indonesia	59%	17%	−41 points	$1.9 billion
Morocco	Coal	Russia	41%	<0.1%	−41 points	$1.7 billion

The table shows what changed, not why. A shift can follow a sanction, a harvest, a pipeline or port opening, a price that made one origin cheaper, or a change in where a trading hub sources from; this data records the outcome only. For the full picture of one market, see trade flows and each commodity page.

CEPII BACI, each commodity's primary HS line, first and last year on file (2022 and 2024). Importers must have imported at least $500 million in both years. Value shares use US dollars; the weight check uses net weight in kilograms.

More patterns

Concentration: How much of each commodity comes from one country?
Producer or exporter?: Is the biggest producer also the biggest seller abroad?
Prices in real terms: Which prices are records once inflation is removed?
Growth and decline: Whose output is rising or falling fastest?
Linked prices and seasons: Which prices move together, and which have a season?
Reserves and mining: Where are the deposits, and who digs them up?
Supply concentration: Which commodities depend on the fewest suppliers?
Land or yield?: Did output grow because farmers planted more or farmed better?
Supply shocks and prices: When world output falls, do prices rise?
Category price indices: How have energy, metals and food prices moved since 1960?
Drawdowns and volatility: How far do prices fall, and do they recover?
Stocks and prices: Are prices lower when the world holds more stock?
Which prices follow oil?: How closely does each commodity track crude oil?
How reliable is the data?: How much of world output rests on estimates?
Net exporters and importers: Who is a net seller and who a net buyer?
Country leaders: Which countries lead across the most commodities?
Export dependency: Which countries rely on one commodity?
Concentration over time: Has production spread out or narrowed?
Import dependency: Which countries buy most of a commodity from one supplier?
Trade price against benchmark: Does traded product sell above or below the benchmark price?
Prices in other currencies: How much of a price move is the dollar?
Do prices lead each other?: Does one commodity price move before another?
Volatility over time: Are prices more volatile now than they used to be?
Seasonality: Which prices have a calendar-month pattern?
Price ratios: What does one commodity buy of another, and is that high or low?
El Niño and prices: Do El Niño and La Niña years move commodity prices?
Who consumes it: Which countries consume each commodity, and how much per person?
Self-sufficiency: Which large markets depend on imports, and which produce far more than they use?
Trade flows: Who sells each commodity to whom?

Every figure is computed from the same tables as the commodity pages. The full set is in patterns.json, and single facts from it appear each day on the facts page.