What does Indonesia produce and export?
Indonesia ranks in the top ten producers of 36 commodities: cloves (#1, 74% of world output in 2024), nickel (#1, 67% of world output in 2025), palm kernel oil (#1, 59% of world output in 2023), palm oil (#1, 59% of world output in 2023), cobalt (#2, 14% of world output in 2025), cocoa (#2, 12% of world output in 2024) and more. It is a top-ten exporter of cloves (#1, 46% of world export value in 2024), coconut oil (#1, 34% of world export value in 2024), palm oil (#1, 48% of world export value in 2024), tin (#1, 26% of world export value in 2024), coal (#2, 19% of world export value in 2024) and more.
Oil palm needs heat, more than 2,000 millimeters of rain a year and no dry season, which limits it to a narrow equatorial band. Indonesia sits squarely in it. Dutch colonial estates introduced the crop to Sumatra in the early twentieth century, and government transmigration schemes and smallholder credit from the 1980s pushed it across Sumatra and into Kalimantan on drained peat and cleared forest. Indonesia produced 59% of the world's palm oil in 2023 (FAOSTAT) and held 48% of world palm-oil export value in 2024 (CEPII BACI). An export levy funds a domestic biodiesel blending mandate, so a rising share of the crop is burned at home rather than shipped, and the government has briefly banned exports outright to hold down cooking-oil prices.
Rubber came the same route in reverse. Hevea brasiliensis was taken from the Amazon to Southeast Asia through Kew Gardens in the 1870s, and the trees found better conditions and no leaf-blight fungus in Sumatra than in their homeland. Most groves are smallholder plots, tapped by hand. Indonesia grew 15% of the world's natural rubber in 2024 (FAOSTAT) and held 19% of world natural-rubber export value in 2024 (CEPII BACI). Cocoa, planted mainly in Sulawesi during a smallholder boom in the 1980s and 1990s, reached 12% of world production in 2024 (FAOSTAT), though aging trees and pod-borer damage have cut yields and the country buys beans to feed its grinders, taking 6.6% of world cocoa import value in 2024 (CEPII BACI). Arabica in Aceh and the Toraja highlands and robusta in southern Sumatra gave 7.3% of world coffee production in 2024 (FAOSTAT).
Minerals show the policy most clearly. Indonesia mined 3.1% of world copper in 2025 (USGS), chiefly from Grasberg in the Papuan highlands, but held 8.0% of world copper export value in 2024 (CEPII BACI) because bans on raw ore exports forced smelters and refineries to be built at home, moving the country up the value chain.
What does Indonesia produce?
| Commodity | World rank | Share of world | Production | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cloves | 1 | 74% | 147,953 t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Nickel | 1 | 67% | 2.6 million t | 2025 | USGS MCS |
| Palm kernel oil | 1 | 59% | 5 million t | 2023 | FAOSTAT |
| Palm oil | 1 | 59% | 47.1 million t | 2023 | FAOSTAT |
| Cobalt | 2 | 14% | 44,000 t | 2025 | USGS MCS |
| Cocoa | 2 | 12% | 632,702 t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Coconut oil | 2 | 21% | 646,000 t | 2023 | FAOSTAT |
| Mangoes | 2 | 6.6% | 4.1 million t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Natural rubber | 2 | 15% | 2.3 million t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Tin | 2 | 21% | 61,000 t | 2025 | USGS MCS |
| Vanilla | 2 | 21% | 1,526 t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Bananas | 3 | 6.6% | 9.3 million t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Cardamom | 3 | 21% | 40,446 t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Cinnamon | 3 | 23% | 55,204 t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Coal | 3 | 8.7% | 790 million tonnes | 2025 | Energy Institute |
| Eggs | 3 | 7.4% | 6.6 million t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Pineapples | 3 | 9.4% | 2.7 million t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Coffee | 4 | 7.3% | 807,578 t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Plywood | 4 | 3.4% | 3.9 million m3 | 2024 | faostat_fo |
| Rice | 4 | 6.5% | 53.1 million t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Shrimp | 4 | 10% | 1.2 million t | 2024 | fao_fisheries |
| Tobacco | 4 | 5.9% | 353,386 t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Avocados | 5 | 8.2% | 919,509 t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Ginger | 5 | 3.9% | 190,257 t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Pepper | 5 | 6.7% | 62,625 t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Bauxite | 6 | 2.3% | 10 million t | 2025 | USGS MCS |
| Cassava | 6 | 4.6% | 15.6 million t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Chicken | 6 | 3.3% | 4.2 million t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Logs | 6 | 4.7% | 91.8 million m3 | 2024 | faostat_fo |
| Orange juice | 7 | 3.8% | 2.6 million t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Oranges | 7 | 3.8% | 2.6 million t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Tea | 7 | 2% | 658,000 t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Zirconium | 7 | 4.3% | 52,000 t | 2025 | USGS MCS |
| Corn | 9 | 1.2% | 15.1 million t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Cashews | 10 | 3.3% | 141,305 t | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Copper | 10 | 3.1% | 710,000 t | 2025 | USGS MCS |
What does Indonesia export?
| Rank | Commodity | Export value (US$) | Share of world |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Coal | $34.5 billion | 19% |
| 2 | Palm oil | $21.1 billion | 48% |
| 3 | Copper | $8.4 billion | 8% |
| 4 | Natural rubber | $3.2 billion | 19% |
| 5 | Coconut oil | $2.7 billion | 34% |
| 6 | Plywood | $1.8 billion | 11% |
| 7 | Tin | $1.7 billion | 26% |
| 8 | Coffee | $1.6 billion | 4.9% |
| 9 | Shrimp | $1.3 billion | 4.2% |
| 10 | Nickel | $953.8 million | 6.6% |
| Rest of world | $0 | <0.1% |
Indonesia's own tracked-export mix
| Commodity | World rank | Share of world exports | Export value | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cloves | 1 | 46% | $303 million | 2024 |
| Coconut oil | 1 | 34% | $2.7 billion | 2024 |
| Palm oil | 1 | 48% | $21.1 billion | 2024 |
| Tin | 1 | 26% | $1.7 billion | 2024 |
| Coal | 2 | 19% | $34.5 billion | 2024 |
| Natural rubber | 2 | 19% | $3.2 billion | 2024 |
| Plywood | 2 | 11% | $1.8 billion | 2024 |
| Cardamom | 3 | 18% | $229.2 million | 2024 |
| Cinnamon | 3 | 17% | $140.6 million | 2024 |
| Copper | 3 | 8% | $8.4 billion | 2024 |
| Zirconium | 3 | 8.1% | $139.9 million | 2024 |
| Coffee | 4 | 4.9% | $1.6 billion | 2024 |
| Palm kernel oil | 5 | 6.5% | $70.5 million | 2024 |
| Pepper | 5 | 5.4% | $326.8 million | 2024 |
| Nickel | 6 | 6.6% | $953.8 million | 2024 |
| Shrimp | 6 | 4.2% | $1.3 billion | 2024 |
| Vanilla | 6 | 3.1% | $14.3 million | 2024 |
| Mangoes | 8 | 3.6% | $151.3 million | 2024 |
| Urea | 10 | 2.8% | $567.3 million | 2024 |
Top-ten importer of
- Rice: #1, 6.8% of world imports, $2.7 billion (2024)
- Sugar: #1, 6.5% of world imports, $2.8 billion (2024)
- Cloves: #2, 8.8% of world imports, $57.5 million (2024)
- Wheat: #2, 5.5% of world imports, $3.2 billion (2024)
- Peanuts: #3, 8.9% of world imports, $416.8 million (2024)
- Tobacco: #3, 6.2% of world imports, $872.6 million (2024)
- Chromium: #4, 1.3% of world imports, $112.7 million (2024)
- Fishmeal: #4, 3.8% of world imports, $360.8 million (2024)
- Phosphate fertilizers: #4, 5.1% of world imports, $179.6 million (2024)
- Phosphate rock: #4, 4.5% of world imports, $234.2 million (2024)
- Cocoa: #5, 6.6% of world imports, $1.2 billion (2024)
- Potash: #5, 4.5% of world imports, $889.3 million (2024)
- Apples: #6, 3.8% of world imports, $306.8 million (2024)
- Grapes: #6, 3.2% of world imports, $418.8 million (2024)
- Milk: #6, 3.8% of world imports, $821.5 million (2024)
- Cotton: #7, 4.5% of world imports, $774.4 million (2024)
- Iron ore: #8, 0.9% of world imports, $1.5 billion (2024)
- Boron: #9, 1.9% of world imports, $22.3 million (2024)
- Feldspar: #9, 2.5% of world imports, $17.2 million (2024)
- Graphite: #9, 2.5% of world imports, $13.4 million (2024)
- Manganese: #9, 1.2% of world imports, $78.4 million (2024)
- Dates: #10, 3.1% of world imports, $77.4 million (2024)
- Soybeans: #10, 1.7% of world imports, $1.4 billion (2024)
Sources: FAOSTAT (crops and livestock), USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries (minerals), Energy Institute Statistical Review (energy) for production; CEPII BACI for trade. Ranks count only the commodities on this site.
Indonesia commodity by commodity
Indonesia in the pattern reports
What Indonesia uses
Indonesia had about 281 million people and a food supply of 2,900 kilocalories per person a day in FAO's 2023 food balance sheets. Its eight largest supplies among the commodities tracked there:
| Commodity | Domestic supply | Share of world | kg per person | Self-sufficiency | Imported |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rice | 58.0 million tonnes | 7.6% | 186 | 92% | 8.4% |
| Palm oil | 20.3 million tonnes | 27% | 12 | 225% | <0.1% |
| Cassava | 16.4 million tonnes | 4.9% | 60 | 105% | 0.9% |
| Corn | 12.4 million tonnes | 1% | 0.8 | 92% | 9.1% |
| Bananas | 9.3 million tonnes | 7.1% | 31 | 100% | <0.1% |
| Milk | 9.1 million tonnes | 0.8% | 15 | 16% | 88% |
| Wheat | 8.3 million tonnes | 1% | 29 | <0.1% | 106% |
| Sugar | 7.5 million tonnes | 4.4% | 26 | 32% | 72% |
FAO reports a negative domestic supply for Indonesia's coffee (−10 thousand tonnes; production 760 thousand tonnes, imports 109 thousand tonnes, exports 912 thousand tonnes); plantains (−16 thousand tonnes; production 0 tonnes, imports 0 tonnes, exports 16 thousand tonnes), meaning exports exceed production plus imports in the year. These are not counted as use and are left out of the table above.
Who supplies Indonesia
- Single-supplier markets. Indonesia buys half or more of its imports from one country in 11 of 24 import markets of $250 million or more, among them natural gas from United States (52%, $3.7 billion); coal from Australia (50%, $3.6 billion); sugar from Brazil (60%, $2.8 billion); iron ore from Australia (70%, $1.5 billion); soybeans from United States (90%, $1.4 billion); milk from New Zealand (54%, $822 million). Import dependency.
- A new largest supplier. gold: Hong Kong (31% in 2022) to Australia (35% in 2024). Supplier shifts.
- Suppliers gaining. Brazil in sugar (18% to 60%, +42 points).
How long Indonesia's own reserves would last
- Nickel: Indonesia's reserves are about 24 years of its own output at the current rate (67% of world output, 44% of world reserves), against 36 years for the world.
- Tin: Indonesia's reserves are about 23 years of its own output at the current rate (21% of world output, 23% of world reserves), against 21 years for the world.
- Cobalt: Indonesia's reserves are about 17 years of its own output at the current rate (14% of world output, 6.3% of world reserves), against 39 years for the world.
- Copper: Indonesia's reserves are about 30 years of its own output at the current rate (3.1% of world output, 2.1% of world reserves), against 43 years for the world.
- Gold: Indonesia's reserves are about 40 years of its own output at the current rate (2.7% of world output, 5.5% of world reserves), against 20 years for the world.
Indonesia and critical minerals
Indonesia is the largest producer of 1 mineral on a US or EU critical list, each at 20% or more of world output: nickel (67%, 2025). Source: the concentration report on USGS, FAOSTAT and Energy Institute production.
The export controls register lists 9 measures imposed by Indonesia, of which 7 are in force, suspended or scheduled as of the register's date.
- Indonesia routes coal and ferroalloy exports through a state-designated firm
- Indonesia prohibits exports of raw rare earths and tellurium (Trade Regulation 6/2026)
- Indonesia bars tin ore and concentrate exports and licenses tin ingot exports
- Indonesia imposes export duties of 7.5 to 15 percent on gold
- Indonesia bans copper concentrate exports, with time-limited Freeport and Amman permits
- Indonesia bans bauxite ore exports from June 2023
Downloads and citation
This country's rankings as JSON · PDF summary. Cite as: Commodity Origins, "What does Indonesia produce and export?", https://commodityorigins.com/countries/IDN/ (CC BY 4.0).
Data updated 22 October 2026.