120 commodities. Each row shows the top three producing countries, the latest benchmark price and its 12-month change.
What do the numbers across all commodities show?
Of the 110 commodities with a production ranking, 33 have one country producing at least half of the world's output, and 8 have one country producing at least three quarters (latest year available for each, from FAOSTAT, USGS or the Energy Institute). The most concentrated are gallium (China, 99% in 2025), niobium (Brazil, 93% in 2025), silicon (China, 87% in 2025), and magnesium (China, 86% in 2025). China is the largest producer of 39 of the 110. At the other end, pineapples (11% for Costa Rica), gold (12% for China) and barley (12% for Russia) have the largest producer holding the smallest share. The concentration report ranks all 110.
A large producer is often not the large seller. For 56 of the 112 commodities with an export ranking, the country that produces the most is not the country that exports the most (producers from FAOSTAT, USGS or the Energy Institute, exporters from CEPII BACI trade records by value). The widest gaps between the top producer's share of output and the top exporter's share of exports are tungsten (China produces 79%, while Bolivia leads exports of tungsten ore and concentrate (HS 261100) with 15%), vanadium (China produces 72%, while Austria leads exports of ferrovanadium (HS 720292) with 20%) and nickel (Indonesia produces 67%, while Norway leads exports of unwrought nickel (HS 7502) with 15%). The data do not say why in each case; the trade line chosen, processing, re-export and domestic use all change the picture, so each commodity page states which trade line it uses. The producer or exporter report lists every case.
Coal Fossilized carbon rock burned for power and heat, and baked into coke for steelmaking.
Share of world coal production: China 52%, India 12%, Indonesia 8.7%, Rest of world 28%.China 52%, India 12%, Indonesia 9% (2025)
$147.1/t Australian thermal, Newcastle
+38%
Crude oil Unrefined petroleum pumped from underground reservoirs and refined into fuels and petrochemical feedstocks.
Share of world crude oil production: United States 21%, Saudi Arabia 11%, Russia 11%, Rest of world 57%.United States 21%, Saudi Arabia 11%, Russia 11% (2025)
$116.8/bbl Brent (dated, 38° API)
+72%
Natural gas Mostly methane, produced from gas and oil fields and moved by pipeline or as liquefied natural gas (LNG); priced regionally, not globally.
Share of world natural gas production: United States 26%, Russia 15%, Iran 6.3%, Rest of world 54%.United States 26%, Russia 15%, Iran 6% (2025)
$2.95/MMBtu US Henry Hub
-1%
Uranium A heavy metal mined as ore, concentrated into yellowcake, then converted and enriched into fuel for nuclear reactors.
Share of world uranium production: United States 29%, China 17%, France 14%, Rest of world 40%.United States 29%, China 17%, France 14% (2025)
Aluminum A light metal smelted from alumina, which is refined from bauxite ore; the chain runs mine (bauxite) to refinery (alumina) to smelter (metal).
Share of world aluminum production: China 61%, India 5.7%, Russia 5.3%, Rest of world 28%.China 61%, India 6%, Russia 5% (2025)
$3,283/t LME cash, high grade
+24%
Antimony A brittle silvery metalloid mined from stibnite, used mainly as antimony trioxide in flame retardants and to harden lead in batteries and ammunition.
Share of world antimony production: China 36%, Russia 29%, Tajikistan 20%, Rest of world 15%.China 36%, Russia 29%, Tajikistan 20% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Arsenic An element that USGS reports as arsenic trioxide, obtained mainly as a by-product of processing other ores, and used in wood preservatives, pesticides, alloys and, as high-purity metal, in semiconductors.
Share of world arsenic production: Peru 49%, China 39%, Morocco 8.2%, Rest of world 3.3%.Peru 49%, China 39%, Morocco 8% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Barite A dense, heavy barium sulfate mineral, ground and used mostly as a weighting agent in the drilling muds of oil and gas wells.
Share of world barite production: India 34%, China 25%, Morocco 11%, Rest of world 29%.India 34%, China 25%, Morocco 11% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Bauxite The ore of aluminum: a tropical weathering product refined into alumina, which is then smelted into metal.
Share of world bauxite production: Guinea 34%, Australia 22%, China 20%, Rest of world 24%.Guinea 34%, Australia 22%, China 20% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Beryllium A light, stiff metal mined from the minerals bertrandite and beryl and used mainly as beryllium-copper alloys and in aerospace, defense and electronics parts.
Share of world beryllium production: United States 53%, Brazil 19%, China 18%, Rest of world 10%.United States 53%, Brazil 19%, China 18% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Bismuth A heavy, low-melting metal recovered mostly as a by-product of processing lead, tungsten and zinc ores and used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, alloys and as a replacement for lead.
Share of world bismuth production: China 86%, South Korea 6.1%, Japan 3.1%, Rest of world 4.8%.China 86%, South Korea 6%, Japan 3% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Boron An element used almost entirely as borates: mined as borate minerals such as tincal, kernite and colemanite, refined into borax and boric acid, and used in glass and fiberglass, ceramics, detergents, agriculture and, as boron compounds, in magnets and fire retardants.
No production table yet
No benchmark
—
Chromium The metal that makes stainless steel stainless, mined as chromite ore and smelted into ferrochrome.
Share of world chromium production: South Africa 45%, Turkey 18%, Kazakhstan 14%, Rest of world 24%.South Africa 45%, Turkey 18%, Kazakhstan 14% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Cobalt A metal recovered mostly as a by-product of copper and nickel mining, used in battery cathodes and superalloys.
Share of world cobalt production: DR Congo 74%, Indonesia 14%, Russia 2.5%, Rest of world 9.1%.DR Congo 74%, Indonesia 14%, Russia 2% (2025)
$55,854/t Cobalt, 99.8% minimum purity, LME spot
+70%
Copper A conductive red metal mined as ore, concentrated, smelted and refined into cathode for wiring, motors and pipes.
Share of world copper production: Chile 23%, DR Congo 14%, Peru 12%, Rest of world 51%.Chile 23%, DR Congo 14%, Peru 12% (2025)
$14,474/t LME cash, grade A cathode
+45%
Feldspar A group of common aluminum-silicate rock-forming minerals, mined and ground for glass, ceramics, tiles and fillers, where it supplies alumina and fluxes the melt.
Share of world feldspar production: India 19%, Turkey 17%, Iran 13%, Rest of world 51%.India 19%, Turkey 17%, Iran 13% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Fluorspar The mineral form of calcium fluoride, mined as acid-grade, ceramic and metallurgical grades and used to make hydrofluoric acid, the starting point of most fluorine chemistry.
Share of world fluorspar production: China 60%, Mongolia 15%, Mexico 15%, Rest of world 10%.China 60%, Mongolia 15%, Mexico 15% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Gallium A low-melting metal recovered as a by-product, mostly of processing bauxite in alumina refining and partly of zinc-processing residues, and used mainly in semiconductors, LEDs and integrated circuits.
Share of world gallium production: China 99%, Russia 0.7%, Japan 0.3%, Rest of world <0.1%.China 99%, Russia 1%, Japan 0% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Gold A precious metal mined from ore and recycled from jewellery, held as bars and coins by central banks and investors and worn as jewellery.
Share of world gold production: China 12%, Russia 9.4%, Australia 8.5%, Rest of world 71%.China 12%, Russia 9%, Australia 8% (2025)
$4,319/troy oz London PM fix
+18%
Graphite A crystalline form of carbon, mined as flake or amorphous ore and processed into battery anodes, refractories and lubricants.
Share of world graphite production: China 78%, Madagascar 4.4%, Tanzania 4.2%, Rest of world 14%.China 78%, Madagascar 4%, Tanzania 4% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Helium An inert gas recovered mainly from natural gas and used to cool magnets in scanners, in leak detection, in semiconductor manufacturing and for lifting and welding.
Share of world helium production: United States 43%, Qatar 33%, Russia 9.5%, Rest of world 15%.United States 43%, Qatar 33%, Russia 9% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Indium A soft metal recovered as a by-product of processing zinc ores and used mainly in indium tin oxide coatings for displays, in solders and in semiconductors.
Share of world indium production: China 69%, South Korea 16%, Japan 5.9%, Rest of world 8.6%.China 69%, South Korea 16%, Japan 6% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Iridium A very dense, corrosion-resistant platinum-group metal recovered with platinum from the same ores; ruthenium, a related platinum-group metal, travels under the same customs line, and the two are used in electronics, electrochemistry and spark plugs and other long-wearing contacts.
No production table yet
No benchmark
—
Iron ore Rock rich in iron oxides, mined in bulk and shipped to blast furnaces to make steel; the most traded dry-bulk cargo.
Share of world iron ore production: Australia 38%, Brazil 16%, India 12%, Rest of world 34%.Australia 38%, Brazil 16%, India 12% (2025)
$97.7/dmtu 62% Fe fines, CFR China spot
-5%
Lead A dense, soft metal used overwhelmingly in lead-acid batteries, and the most recycled of the base metals.
Share of world lead production: China 42%, Australia 11%, Peru 6.4%, Rest of world 41%.China 42%, Australia 11%, Peru 6% (2025)
$1,873/t LME cash
-4%
Lithium A light metal extracted from hard-rock spodumene or salt-lake brine and refined into carbonate, hydroxide or metal for battery cathodes.
Share of world lithium production: Australia 32%, China 21%, Chile 19%, Rest of world 28%.Australia 32%, China 21%, Chile 19% (2025)
$148,620/t Lithium metal, 99% battery grade
+82%
Magnesium The lightest structural metal, smelted from dolomite or brine and used to alloy aluminum, to make die-cast parts, and to remove sulfur in steelmaking.
Share of world magnesium production: China 86%, Russia 5.5%, Brazil 1.8%, Rest of world 6.4%.China 86%, Russia 5%, Brazil 2% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Manganese A metal used almost entirely in steelmaking, where it removes oxygen and sulfur and adds strength; also a battery cathode ingredient.
Share of world manganese production: South Africa 38%, Gabon 25%, Ghana 10%, Rest of world 27%.South Africa 38%, Gabon 25%, Ghana 10% (2025)
$2,894/t Electrolytic manganese metal, CIF Northwest Europe
+38%
Molybdenum A refractory metal recovered mostly as a by-product of copper mining, added to steel for strength and corrosion resistance.
Share of world molybdenum production: China 37%, Chile 16%, United States 15%, Rest of world 31%.China 37%, Chile 16%, United States 15% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Nickel A corrosion-resistant metal used mostly in stainless steel and increasingly in battery cathodes.
Share of world nickel production: Indonesia 67%, Philippines 6.9%, Russia 5.1%, Rest of world 21%.Indonesia 67%, Philippines 7%, Russia 5% (2025)
$16,324/t LME cash
+8%
Niobium A soft grey metal, mined from pyrochlore and sold mostly as ferroniobium, that adds strength to steel in tiny proportions and is used in superalloys and superconducting magnets.
Share of world niobium production: Brazil 93%, Canada 5.4%, DR Congo 0.9%, Rest of world 0.9%.Brazil 93%, Canada 5%, DR Congo 1% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Palladium A precious metal used mainly in petrol-engine autocatalysts, mined with platinum and nickel.
Share of world palladium production: Russia 44%, South Africa 37%, Canada 8.4%, Rest of world 11%.Russia 44%, South Africa 37%, Canada 8% (2025)
$1,348/troy oz Palladium, spot
+19%
Platinum A precious metal used in autocatalysts, jewellery and industry, mined almost entirely from two geological complexes.
Share of world platinum production: South Africa 71%, Russia 12%, Zimbabwe 11%, Rest of world 7.1%.South Africa 71%, Russia 12%, Zimbabwe 11% (2025)
$1,784/troy oz London afternoon fix
+24%
Rare earths A group of seventeen chemically similar metals, mined together and separated at great cost, used in magnets, catalysts and phosphors.
Share of world rare earths production: China 69%, United States 13%, Australia 7.4%, Rest of world 10%.China 69%, United States 13%, Australia 7% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Rhenium A very dense, high-melting metal recovered as a by-product of molybdenum and copper processing and used mainly in nickel superalloys and in catalysts.
Share of world rhenium production: Chile 37%, China 25%, Poland 12%, Rest of world 26%.Chile 37%, China 25%, Poland 12% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Rhodium A rare, silver-white platinum-group metal recovered with platinum and palladium from the same ores and used mostly in the catalytic converters that clean vehicle exhaust.
No production table yet
No benchmark
—
Silicon Made by smelting quartz with carbon in electric furnaces, as silicon metal for aluminum alloys, silicones and, after further refining, solar cells and chips, and as ferrosilicon for steelmaking.
Share of world silicon production: China 87%, Brazil 3.9%, Norway 2.8%, Rest of world 6.3%.China 87%, Brazil 4%, Norway 3% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Silver A precious metal that is also an industrial one: most mined silver is a by-product of lead, zinc, copper and gold mines.
Share of world silver production: Mexico 24%, Peru 14%, China 13%, Rest of world 49%.Mexico 24%, Peru 14%, China 13% (2025)
$64.6/troy oz Handy & Harman, New York
+51%
Steel Iron alloyed with a little carbon, made in blast furnaces from iron ore or in electric arc furnaces from scrap; the most used metal on earth.
Share of world steel production: China 52%, India 8.4%, United States 4.3%, Rest of world 36%.China 52%, India 8%, United States 4% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Strontium An alkaline-earth element mined as the mineral celestite (strontium sulfate), used ground in drilling fluids and converted into compounds such as strontium carbonate for ferrite magnets, pyrotechnics, glass and ceramics.
Share of world strontium production: Iran 56%, Spain 22%, China 18%, Rest of world 4.4%.Iran 56%, Spain 22%, China 18% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Tantalum A dense, corrosion-resistant metal obtained mainly from tantalite ores, which are found with niobium, and used mainly in electronics, above all capacitors, and in alloys and chemicals.
Share of world tantalum production: DR Congo 52%, Rwanda 16%, Nigeria 16%, Rest of world 16%.DR Congo 52%, Rwanda 16%, Nigeria 16% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Tellurium A brittle semimetal recovered as a by-product of copper refining and used mainly in cadmium-telluride solar cells, in thermoelectric devices and in metallurgy.
Share of world tellurium production: China 80%, Russia 6.7%, Japan 6.1%, Rest of world 7.2%.China 80%, Russia 7%, Japan 6% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Tin A soft metal used mostly as solder in electronics, plus tinplate and chemicals; the smallest of the major base metals.
Share of world tin production: China 24%, Indonesia 21%, Peru 11%, Rest of world 43%.China 24%, Indonesia 21%, Peru 11% (2025)
$53,712/t LME cash
+56%
Titanium A strong, light and corrosion-resistant metal; this page covers the ilmenite and rutile sands and ores that are the source of both titanium metal and, mostly, white titanium dioxide pigment.
Share of world titanium production: China 34%, Mozambique 20%, South Africa 14%, Rest of world 32%.China 34%, Mozambique 20%, South Africa 14% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Tungsten A very dense metal with the highest melting point of any metal, mined from scheelite and wolframite and used in cemented carbide cutting tools, steel and electronics.
Share of world tungsten production: China 79%, Vietnam 3.5%, Kazakhstan 2.8%, Rest of world 15%.China 79%, Vietnam 4%, Kazakhstan 3% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Vanadium A hard grey metal recovered from magnetite ores, steel slag and other residues, used mostly to strengthen steel and increasingly in large flow batteries.
Share of world vanadium production: China 72%, Russia 19%, Brazil 4.7%, Rest of world 4.4%.China 72%, Russia 19%, Brazil 5% (2025)
No benchmark
—
Zinc A metal used mainly to galvanize steel against rust, plus die-casting alloys and brass.
Share of world zinc production: China 32%, Peru 12%, Australia 8.5%, Rest of world 48%.China 32%, Peru 12%, Australia 8% (2025)
$4,021/t LME cash, special high grade
+37%
Zirconium A heat- and corrosion-resistant element mined almost entirely as the mineral zircon from mineral-sand deposits and used in ceramics, foundry sands, chemicals and, as a metal, in nuclear fuel cladding.
Share of world zirconium production: Australia 33%, South Africa 23%, Mozambique 13%, Rest of world 31%.Australia 33%, South Africa 23%, Mozambique 13% (2025)
Canola Seed of the rape plant, bred for low erucic acid (canola), crushed into cooking oil and biodiesel with a protein meal by-product.
Share of world canola production: Canada 22%, China 19%, India 15%, Rest of world 44%.Canada 22%, China 19%, India 15% (2024)
$1,440/t Rapeseed oil, crude, FOB Rotterdam
+14%
Coconut oil Oil pressed from dried coconut flesh (copra), used in food, soap and oleochemicals.
Share of world coconut oil production: Philippines 39%, Indonesia 21%, India 18%, Rest of world 23%.Philippines 39%, Indonesia 21%, India 18% (2023)
$2,083/t Philippines/Indonesia, CIF Rotterdam
-20%
Linseed The seed of the flax plant, crushed for a drying oil used in paint and linoleum and eaten whole as flaxseed.
Share of world linseed production: Russia 39%, Kazakhstan 25%, China 9.3%, Rest of world 26%.Russia 39%, Kazakhstan 25%, China 9% (2024)
No benchmark
—
Olive oil Oil pressed from olives without solvents, graded by acidity and defect rather than by refining.
Share of world olive oil production: Spain 33%, Italy 14%, Turkey 9%, Rest of world 45%.Spain 33%, Italy 14%, Turkey 9% (2023)
No benchmark
—
Palm kernel oil Oil pressed from the seed inside the oil palm fruit; chemically closer to coconut oil than to palm oil.
Share of world palm kernel oil production: Indonesia 59%, Malaysia 25%, Thailand 3.7%, Rest of world 12%.Indonesia 59%, Malaysia 25%, Thailand 4% (2023)
$2,355/t Malaysia, CIF Rotterdam
-2%
Palm oil Oil pressed from the fruit flesh of the oil palm; the world's most produced vegetable oil, used in food, soap and biodiesel.
Share of world palm oil production: Indonesia 59%, Malaysia 23%, Thailand 4.2%, Rest of world 13%.Indonesia 59%, Malaysia 23%, Thailand 4% (2023)
$1,180/t Malaysia, CIF Northwest Europe
+14%
Peanuts A legume grown underground, eaten whole, crushed for oil, or ground into paste and butter.
Share of world peanuts production: China 34%, India 21%, Nigeria 7.5%, Rest of world 38%.China 34%, India 21%, Nigeria 7% (2024)
$1,563/t Groundnuts, CIF Europe
+27%
Sesame seed A drought-tolerant oilseed pressed for oil and ground into tahini, grown across the Sahel and Asia.
Share of world sesame seed production: India 13%, Myanmar 11%, Sudan 9.4%, Rest of world 67%.India 13%, Myanmar 11%, Sudan 9% (2024)
No benchmark
—
Soybeans An oilseed legume crushed into meal (animal feed) and oil (cooking oil and biodiesel); the world's most traded farm product by value.
Share of world soybeans production: Brazil 36%, United States 30%, Argentina 12%, Rest of world 22%.Brazil 36%, United States 30%, Argentina 12% (2024)
$524/t US, CIF Rotterdam
+30%
Sunflower oil Oil pressed from sunflower seeds, a light cooking oil concentrated in the Black Sea basin.
Share of world sunflower oil production: Russia 31%, Ukraine 27%, Argentina 7.5%, Rest of world 35%.Russia 31%, Ukraine 27%, Argentina 8% (2023)
Oranges Citrus fruit sold fresh or squeezed into juice concentrate; the juice and fresh markets barely overlap.
Share of world oranges production: Brazil 23%, China 11%, Mexico 7.2%, Rest of world 58%.Brazil 23%, China 11%, Mexico 7% (2024)
$0.79/kg Mediterranean exporters, CIF France
-39%
Pineapples A bromeliad fruit grown on an eighteen-month cycle and shipped fresh or canned.
Share of world pineapples production: Costa Rica 11%, Philippines 10%, Indonesia 9.4%, Rest of world 70%.Costa Rica 11%, Philippines 10%, Indonesia 9% (2024)
No benchmark
—
Pistachios A desert nut that bears heavily only every other year, grown mostly in Iran, the United States and Turkey.
Share of world pistachios production: United States 36%, Turkey 28%, Iran 23%, Rest of world 13%.United States 36%, Turkey 28%, Iran 23% (2024)
No benchmark
—
Plantains Starchy cooking bananas, boiled, fried or pounded as a staple across west and central Africa and the Caribbean.
Share of world plantains production: Uganda 27%, DR Congo 11%, Cameroon 11%, Rest of world 52%.Uganda 27%, DR Congo 11%, Cameroon 11% (2024)
No benchmark
—
Potatoes A tuber staple that stores well but travels badly, so most of it is eaten in the country that grew it.
Share of world potatoes production: China 24%, India 15%, Ukraine 5.4%, Rest of world 56%.China 24%, India 15%, Ukraine 5% (2024)
No benchmark
—
Tomatoes The world’s largest vegetable crop by weight, split between fresh salad fruit and processing tomatoes for paste.
Share of world tomatoes production: China 33%, India 11%, Turkey 7.8%, Rest of world 48%.China 33%, India 11%, Turkey 8% (2024)
No benchmark
—
Yams A large tropical tuber, grown overwhelmingly in the west African yam belt and eaten pounded.
Share of world yams production: Nigeria 71%, Ghana 11%, Ivory Coast 8.3%, Rest of world 10%.Nigeria 71%, Ghana 11%, Ivory Coast 8% (2024)
Cotton The seed fibre of the cotton plant, ginned into lint and spun into yarn; the world's main natural textile fibre.
Share of world cotton production: China 23%, India 22%, Brazil 12%, Rest of world 43%.China 23%, India 22%, Brazil 12% (2023)
$2.1/kg Cotlook A Index, CFR Far East
+22%
Jute A bast fibre retted from stems in the Ganges delta and woven into sacking, twine and geotextiles.
Share of world jute production: Bangladesh 56%, India 38%, Cambodia 4.1%, Rest of world 1.4%.Bangladesh 56%, India 38%, Cambodia 4% (2024)
No benchmark
—
Natural rubber Latex tapped from the Hevea tree, coagulated into sheets or block rubber; two-thirds of it goes into tyres.
Share of world natural rubber production: Thailand 32%, Indonesia 15%, Ivory Coast 11%, Rest of world 41%.Thailand 32%, Indonesia 15%, Ivory Coast 11% (2024)
$2.41/kg TSR20, SGX/SICOM
+39%
Silk Filament reeled from the cocoon of the mulberry silkworm, the only natural continuous-filament fibre.
Share of world silk production: India 56%, China 32%, Uzbekistan 6.5%, Rest of world 5.8%.India 56%, China 32%, Uzbekistan 6% (2024)
No benchmark
—
Sisal A hard leaf fibre cut from agave plants, used for agricultural twine, rope and polishing cloth.
Share of world sisal production: Brazil 40%, Tanzania 26%, Kenya 9%, Rest of world 25%.Brazil 40%, Tanzania 26%, Kenya 9% (2024)
No benchmark
—
Wool Fleece shorn from sheep, sold greasy by micron thickness and scoured before spinning.
Share of world wool production: China 21%, Australia 17%, New Zealand 7.4%, Rest of world 55%.China 21%, Australia 17%, New Zealand 7% (2024)
1,595¢/kg Wool, fine 19 micron, Australian Wool Exchange spot
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