How concentrated is each commodity?
For 20 of the 90 commodities with production data here, a single country produces more than half of the world total, and China is that country for 7 of them. The middle commodity has 72% of its output in the five largest producers, and only 10 have a top five below half. The most concentrated is graphite, where China makes 78%.
Concentration matters because a supply shock in one place, whether weather, policy or a plant closure, reaches the whole world price when that place is a large share of the total. A commodity spread over dozens of similar-sized producers absorbs the same shock far more easily. Click a heading to sort.
| Commodity | Largest producer | Its share | Top five together | Countries reporting | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Graphite | China | 78% | 93% | 18 | 2025 | USGS |
| Cloves | Indonesia | 74% | 98% | 9 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Cobalt | DR Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo) | 74% | 93% | 12 | 2025 | USGS |
| Platinum | South Africa | 73% | 100% | 5 | 2025 | USGS |
| Yams | Nigeria | 71% | 95% | 60 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Rare earths | China | 69% | 97% | 12 | 2025 | USGS |
| Quinoa | Peru | 69% | 100% | 4 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Nickel | Indonesia | 67% | 86% | 9 | 2025 | USGS |
| Chickpeas | India | 65% | 87% | 47 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Aluminum | China | 61% | 80% | 12 | 2025 | USGS |
| Palm kernel oil | Indonesia | 59% | 92% | 46 | 2023 | FAOSTAT |
| Palm oil | Indonesia | 59% | 91% | 48 | 2023 | FAOSTAT |
| Hazelnuts | Turkey (Türkiye) | 59% | 89% | 39 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Jute | Bangladesh | 56% | 99% | 18 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Silk | India | 56% | 98% | 22 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Plywood | China | 53% | 79% | 223 | 2024 | FAOSTAT forestry |
| Apples | China | 52% | 68% | 94 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Steel | China | 52% | 72% | 11 | 2025 | USGS |
| Coal | China | 52% | 82% | 34 | 2025 | Energy Institute |
| Almonds | United States | 51% | 79% | 61 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Tea | China | 50% | 86% | 47 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Ginger | India | 48% | 85% | 43 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Pork | China | 46% | 68% | 171 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Chromium | South Africa | 45% | 86% | 7 | 2025 | USGS |
| Mangoes | India | 45% | 66% | 101 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Phosphate rock | China | 44% | 77% | 24 | 2025 | USGS |
| Palladium | Russia | 44% | 100% | 5 | 2025 | USGS |
| Vanilla | Madagascar | 43% | 85% | 15 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Lead | China | 42% | 71% | 12 | 2025 | USGS |
| Sisal | Brazil | 40% | 89% | 24 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Linseed | Russia | 39% | 86% | 53 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Coconut oil | Philippines | 39% | 87% | 68 | 2023 | FAOSTAT |
| Iron ore | Australia | 38% | 82% | 17 | 2025 | USGS |
| Cinnamon | China | 38% | 100% | 10 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Manganese | South Africa | 38% | 85% | 8 | 2025 | USGS |
| Tobacco | China | 37% | 70% | 130 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Molybdenum | China | 37% | 90% | 15 | 2025 | USGS |
| Soybeans | Brazil | 36% | 87% | 108 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Cocoa | Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) | 36% | 73% | 57 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Pistachios | United States | 36% | 99% | 18 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Eggs | China | 35% | 62% | 172 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Peanuts | China | 34% | 71% | 108 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Bauxite | Guinea | 34% | 89% | 13 | 2025 | USGS |
| Tomatoes | China | 33% | 61% | 168 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Olive oil | Spain | 33% | 72% | 36 | 2023 | FAOSTAT |
| Natural rubber | Thailand | 32% | 74% | 32 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Lithium | Australia | 32% | 90% | 9 | 2025 | USGS |
| Zinc | China | 32% | 64% | 10 | 2025 | USGS |
| Sunflower oil | Russia | 31% | 73% | 83 | 2023 | FAOSTAT |
| Corn | United States | 31% | 73% | 169 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Shrimp | China | 31% | 78% | 128 | 2024 | FAO FishStat |
| Lentils | Canada | 31% | 81% | 43 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Potash | Canada | 31% | 82% | 12 | 2025 | USGS |
| Coffee | Brazil | 30% | 68% | 78 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Pepper | Vietnam | 28% | 70% | 47 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Cheese | United States | 28% | 55% | 95 | 2023 | FAOSTAT |
| Bananas | India | 27% | 53% | 140 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Plantains | Uganda | 27% | 65% | 52 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Rice | India | 27% | 71% | 135 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Natural gas | United States | 26% | 58% | 49 | 2025 | Energy Institute |
| Avocados | Mexico | 25% | 63% | 95 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Tin | China | 24% | 76% | 14 | 2025 | USGS |
| Potatoes | China | 24% | 54% | 154 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Silver | Mexico | 24% | 62% | 14 | 2025 | USGS |
| Honey | China | 24% | 46% | 121 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Oranges | Brazil | 23% | 54% | 135 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Copper | Chile | 23% | 62% | 14 | 2025 | USGS |
| Lamb | China | 23% | 50% | 176 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Cotton | China | 23% | 75% | 87 | 2023 | FAOSTAT |
| Sugar | Brazil | 22% | 57% | 124 | 2023 | FAOSTAT |
| Cashews | Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) | 22% | 66% | 35 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Grapes | China | 22% | 52% | 96 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Canola | Canada | 22% | 69% | 66 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Wool | China | 21% | 54% | 69 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Crude oil | United States | 21% | 54% | 50 | 2025 | Energy Institute |
| Fishmeal | Peru | 21% | 49% | 90 | 2024 | FAO FishStat |
| Dates | Saudi Arabia | 19% | 68% | 36 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Cassava | Nigeria | 18% | 54% | 97 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Beef | United States | 18% | 51% | 189 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Wheat | China | 18% | 53% | 123 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Milk | India | 17% | 44% | 183 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Sawnwood | United States | 17% | 52% | 227 | 2024 | FAOSTAT forestry |
| Logs | United States | 16% | 52% | 177 | 2024 | FAOSTAT forestry |
| Chicken | United States | 16% | 47% | 190 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Oats | Canada | 15% | 47% | 76 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Sorghum | United States | 14% | 48% | 116 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Sesame seed | India | 13% | 46% | 69 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Barley | Russia | 12% | 41% | 101 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
| Gold | China | 12% | 40% | 13 | 2025 | USGS |
| Pineapples | Costa Rica | 11% | 45% | 85 | 2024 | FAOSTAT |
Production by country from FAOSTAT (crops, livestock, forestry), USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries (minerals), the Energy Institute (energy) and FAO FishStat (fishmeal, shrimp); latest year in each source. "Countries reporting" counts countries with a reported figure, not every country that produces some. Uranium, orange juice and cardamom are left out because the production series behind them measures something else (nuclear generation, oranges, a mixed spice group).
More patterns
- Producer or exporter?:
- Prices in real terms:
- Growth and decline:
- Linked prices and seasons:
- Reserves and mining:
- Supply concentration:
- Land or yield?:
- Supply shocks and prices:
- Category price indices:
- Drawdowns and volatility:
- Stocks and prices:
- Which prices follow oil?:
- How reliable is the data?:
- Net exporters and importers:
- Country leaders:
- Export dependency:
- Concentration over time:
- Import dependency:
- Supplier shifts:
- Trade price against benchmark:
- Prices in other currencies:
- Do prices lead each other?:
- Volatility over time:
- Seasonality:
- Price ratios:
- El Niño and prices:
- Who consumes it:
- Self-sufficiency:
- Trade flows:
Every figure is computed from the same tables as the commodity pages. The full set is in patterns.json, and single facts from it appear each day on the facts page.