Who has gained and lost share of world exports since 2000?
On the main customs line of 98 commodities, the largest exporter by value changed between 2000 and 2024 for 51. Exports became more concentrated, by a rise of more than 100 points in the Herfindahl index of exporter shares (a 0 to 10,000 scale), for 34 and less concentrated for 51; the other 13 changed by less. China gained at least 2 percentage points of world export value in 17 and lost that much in 26; its largest gain was in magnesium (HS 810411), from 37% to 71%. The movements behind these counts are in the table, with the customs line for each.
Shares here are of world export value, in nominal US dollars, on one customs line per commodity, in 2000 and 2024. The comparison is limited to lines whose world export value in the 1992 customs coding matches the 2022 coding in 2022 to 2024: the median of the three yearly ratios within 10% and every year within 30%. That test catches redefined codes (orange juice differs by more than two times) but cannot show that the product is identical, and it compares totals, not who exports. 98 of 112 main lines pass. The 14 left out are beryllium (HS 811212), bismuth (HS 810610), cashews (HS 080131), cloves (HS 090710), cobalt (HS 810520), ginger (HS 091011), graphite (HS 2504), orange juice (HS 200919), pistachios (HS 080251), plantains (HS 080310), quinoa (HS 100850), salmon (HS 030214), shrimp (HS 0306), yams (HS 071430).
Using only two years matters. Starting in 2001 instead of 2000 would give a changed leader for 51 commodities, not necessarily the same ones: the result would differ for 8 commodities, mostly where two exporters were close, and the number that became less concentrated would be 43 instead of 51. This page uses the 1992-coded data, and the commodity pages use the 2022-coded data, so the 2024 leader differs from the commodity page for 6: antimony (Myanmar here, Thailand there); fluorspar (South Africa here, Mexico there); nickel (Canada here, Norway there); palladium (South Africa here, Russia there); sesame seed (Sudan here, India there); titanium (Mozambique here, South Africa there).
| Commodity and customs line | Largest exporter, 2000 | Largest exporter, 2024 | Top five, 2000 | Top five, 2024 | Biggest gainer (2 points or more) | Biggest loser (2 points or more) | Top-five share over time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almonds | United States | United States | 92% | 90% | Australia | United States | |
| Aluminum | Russia | Canada | 54% | 41% | United Arab Emirates | Russia | |
| Antimony | China | Myanmar | 79% | 78% | Myanmar | China | |
| Apples | United States | China | 63% | 58% | China | France | |
| Avocados | Mexico | Mexico | 76% | 73% | Mexico | Chile | |
| Bananas | Ecuador | Ecuador | 67% | 69% | Guatemala | Costa Rica | |
| Barite | China | India | 72% | 68% | India | China | |
| Barley | Germany | Australia | 70% | 63% | Russia | Germany | |
| Bauxite | Guinea | Guinea | 78% | 94% | Guinea | Brazil | |
| Beef | United States | Brazil | 66% | 72% | Brazil | United States | |
| Boron | United States | Turkey (Türkiye) | 93% | 95% | Turkey (Türkiye) | United States | |
| Canola | Canada | Canada | 90% | 80% | Ukraine | France | |
| Cardamom | Guatemala | Guatemala | 79% | 87% | Guatemala | Indonesia | |
| Cassava | Thailand | Cambodia | 75% | 68% | Cambodia | Thailand | |
| Cheese | France | Germany | 62% | 55% | Italy | France | |
| Chicken | United States | Brazil | 71% | 64% | Brazil | United States | |
| Chickpeas | Mexico | Australia | 84% | 75% | Australia | Mexico | |
| Chromium | South Africa | South Africa | 74% | 96% | South Africa | India | |
| Cinnamon | Sri Lanka | Vietnam | 87% | 88% | Vietnam | Sri Lanka | |
| Coal | Australia | Australia | 71% | 81% | Indonesia | China | |
| Cocoa | Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) | Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) | 84% | 69% | Ecuador | Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) | |
| Coconut oil | Indonesia | Indonesia | 89% | 84% | none | Indonesia | |
| Coffee | Brazil | Brazil | 54% | 66% | Brazil | Mexico | |
| Copper | Chile | Chile | 77% | 66% | Peru | Indonesia | |
| Corn | United States | United States | 90% | 77% | Brazil | United States | |
| Cotton | United States | Brazil | 57% | 80% | Brazil | Uzbekistan | |
| Crude oil | Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia | 42% | 50% | United States | Iran | |
| Dates | Tunisia | Saudi Arabia | 63% | 63% | Saudi Arabia | Iran | |
| Eggs | Netherlands | Netherlands | 62% | 50% | Turkey (Türkiye) | Netherlands | |
| Feldspar | Turkey (Türkiye) | Turkey (Türkiye) | 64% | 77% | South Africa | France | |
| Fishmeal | Peru | Peru | 69% | 42% | Vietnam | Peru | |
| Fluorspar | China | South Africa | 86% | 86% | South Africa | China | |
| Gold | Switzerland | Switzerland | 59% | 48% | United Arab Emirates | United States | |
| Grapes | Chile | Peru | 68% | 51% | Peru | United States | |
| Hazelnuts | Turkey (Türkiye) | Turkey (Türkiye) | 92% | 92% | Chile | Turkey (Türkiye) | |
| Honey | China | New Zealand | 61% | 46% | New Zealand | Argentina | |
| Iridium | South Africa | South Africa | 97% | 88% | Germany | United Kingdom | |
| Iron ore | Brazil | Australia | 75% | 86% | Australia | Brazil | |
| Jute | Bangladesh | Bangladesh | 93% | 93% | Tanzania | Bangladesh | |
| Lamb | New Zealand | Australia | 85% | 83% | Australia | New Zealand | |
| Lead | China | India | 56% | 38% | India | China | |
| Lentils | Canada | Canada | 90% | 87% | Australia | India | |
| Linseed | Canada | Russia | 89% | 81% | Russia | Canada | |
| Lithium | Chile | Chile | 90% | 97% | Chile | United States | |
| Logs | United States | New Zealand | 50% | 45% | New Zealand | Russia | |
| Magnesium | China | China | 77% | 96% | China | Russia | |
| Manganese | South Africa | South Africa | 79% | 94% | South Africa | Australia | |
| Mangoes | Mexico | Thailand | 53% | 59% | Thailand | Philippines | |
| Milk | Germany | New Zealand | 56% | 59% | New Zealand | Germany | |
| Molybdenum | Chile | Chile | 69% | 79% | Peru | United States | |
| Natural gas | Canada | United States | 55% | 56% | United States | Canada | |
| Natural rubber | Thailand | Thailand | 87% | 80% | Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) | Malaysia | |
| Nickel | Russia | Canada | 76% | 51% | Indonesia | Russia | |
| Niobium | Brazil | Brazil | 98% | 97% | Netherlands | Germany | |
| Oats | Canada | Canada | 83% | 73% | Russia | Canada | |
| Olive oil | Spain | Spain | 93% | 88% | Portugal | Italy | |
| Oranges | Spain | Spain | 70% | 72% | Egypt | Spain | |
| Palladium | Russia | South Africa | 87% | 71% | South Africa | Russia | |
| Palm kernel oil | Indonesia | Malaysia | 90% | 68% | Malaysia | Indonesia | |
| Palm oil | Malaysia | Indonesia | 90% | 88% | Indonesia | Malaysia | |
| Peanuts | China | Argentina | 81% | 70% | India | China | |
| Pepper | Indonesia | India | 62% | 71% | India | Indonesia | |
| Phosphate fertilizers | Tunisia | Morocco | 62% | 83% | Morocco | Tunisia | |
| Phosphate rock | Morocco | Morocco | 74% | 74% | Peru | Russia | |
| Pineapples | Costa Rica | Costa Rica | 79% | 85% | Costa Rica | Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) | |
| Platinum | South Africa | South Africa | 85% | 67% | United Arab Emirates | Switzerland | |
| Plywood | Indonesia | China | 66% | 56% | China | Indonesia | |
| Pork | Denmark | United States | 66% | 63% | Spain | Denmark | |
| Potash | Canada | Canada | 75% | 77% | Russia | Germany | |
| Potatoes | Netherlands | France | 59% | 63% | France | Netherlands | |
| Rare earths | China | China | 81% | 81% | Vietnam | United States | |
| Rhodium | South Africa | South Africa | 88% | 84% | South Africa | Russia | |
| Rice | Thailand | India | 70% | 74% | India | United States | |
| Sawnwood | Canada | Canada | 61% | 51% | Russia | Canada | |
| Sesame seed | Sudan | Sudan | 51% | 33% | Niger | Sudan | |
| Silicon | China | China | 71% | 74% | China | Germany | |
| Silk | China | China | 94% | 90% | Vietnam | China | |
| Silver | United Kingdom | China | 48% | 48% | China | United Kingdom | |
| Sisal | Philippines | India | 78% | 78% | India | Philippines | |
| Sorghum | United States | United States | 96% | 95% | Australia | United States | |
| Soybeans | United States | Brazil | 94% | 94% | Brazil | United States | |
| Steel | Japan | China | 44% | 59% | China | Russia | |
| Sugar | Brazil | Brazil | 48% | 66% | Brazil | France | |
| Sunflower oil | Argentina | Ukraine | 65% | 71% | Russia | Argentina | |
| Tea | Sri Lanka | Kenya | 68% | 69% | China | United Kingdom | |
| Tin | China | Indonesia | 75% | 68% | Peru | China | |
| Titanium | Australia | Mozambique | 89% | 65% | Mozambique | Australia | |
| Tobacco | United States | Brazil | 58% | 52% | India | United States | |
| Tomatoes | Spain | Mexico | 75% | 73% | Mexico | Spain | |
| Tungsten | Russia | Bolivia | 77% | 61% | Spain | Russia | |
| Uranium | Australia | Namibia | 100% | 100% | Namibia | Niger | |
| Urea | Russia | Russia | 48% | 53% | Oman | Canada | |
| Vanadium | Austria | Austria | 66% | 74% | China | Russia | |
| Vanilla | Madagascar | Madagascar | 77% | 81% | Madagascar | Comoros | |
| Wheat | United States | Russia | 79% | 59% | Russia | United States | |
| Wool | Australia | Australia | 85% | 88% | South Africa | New Zealand | |
| Zinc | Canada | Spain | 50% | 43% | Spain | China | |
| Zirconium | Australia | South Africa | 83% | 73% | Indonesia | Australia |
China's share, commodity by commodity
- Magnesium (HS 810411): 37% to 71%
- Plywood (HS 4412): 3.2% to 27%
- Steel (HS 7208): 4% to 28%
- Silver (HS 7106): 1.4% to 17%
- Silicon (HS 280469): 24% to 38%
- Apples (HS 080810): 4.5% to 16%
- Phosphate fertilizers (HS 3103): 7.3% to 17%
- Grapes (HS 0806): 0.1% to 8.5%
- Pepper (HS 0904): 6.5% to 15%
- Vanadium (HS 720292): 10% to 19%
- Nickel (HS 7502): 1.5% to 8.1%
- Tea (HS 0902): 13% to 17%
Reading these shares carefully
- Value, not volume. A share of export value rises when a country's product sells at higher prices or moves into higher-value forms, as well as when it ships more. The data also hold tonnes; this page does not use them.
- One customs line, often a different stage or a wider product. Each commodity is represented by its main customs line, shown with its label in the table. Several lines are wider than the name (rare earths are HS 2805, which covers alkali and alkaline-earth metals such as sodium and calcium as well as rare-earth metals, scandium and yttrium; sesame is all of "other oilseeds"; coconut oil includes palm kernel oil), and many metals are represented by their ore. A country can lose share on a crude line because it exports the refined form instead: Indonesia's fall in crude palm kernel oil is the example: its share of the refined line rose over the same years.
- Sudan and the Balkans. Sudan in 2000 includes what became South Sudan in 2011, and Serbia and Montenegro report together until 2005, which touches a few commodities such as sesame.
- Mirror data and aggregates. BACI estimates the exports of countries that do not report from their partners' import records, so figures for such countries are not export declarations. "Other Asia, not elsewhere specified", which is mostly Taiwan, is counted as one exporter.
- More exporters are recorded over time. The median number of exporters per line rises from 109 in 2000 to 130 in 2024. The data do not show whether that is new exporters or better recording, so 2000 shares are spread over fewer named exporters than 2024 shares. 2000 is a round-number start, not a point after coverage settled, and the data begin in 1995.
- Re-exports. Trading hubs count what they ship on, so a hub can show a share that does not match production.
- Thin starting values. A few lines were small in 2000 (antimony ores, tungsten ores, lithium carbonate and sisal were each under $100 million of world exports), so their 2000 shares rest on a small base.
CEPII BACI HS92 vintage V202601 (bilateral trade by customs line), primary customs line of each commodity. Generated 2026-10-22. Data: export-history.json.
More patterns
- Concentration:
- Producer or exporter?:
- Prices in real terms:
- Growth and decline:
- Linked prices and seasons:
- A century of real prices:
- Supplier exposure:
- Trade after export controls:
- Prices around export controls:
- Export basket prices:
- Substitution coverage:
- Critical risk matrix:
- Country reserve life:
- Prices and cumulative output:
- US import reliance and recycling:
- Data confidence:
- Export controls and bans:
- Chokepoints:
- By-product minerals:
- Peak production:
- Reserves and mining:
- Supply concentration:
- Land or yield?:
- Supply shocks and prices:
- Category price indices:
- Drawdowns and volatility:
- Stocks and prices:
- Which prices follow oil?:
- How reliable is the data?:
- Net exporters and importers:
- Country leaders:
- Export dependency:
- Concentration over time:
- Import dependency:
- Supplier shifts:
- Trade price against benchmark:
- Prices in other currencies:
- Do prices lead each other?:
- Volatility over time:
- Seasonality:
- Price ratios:
- El Niño and prices:
- Who consumes it:
- Self-sufficiency:
- Trade flows:
Every figure is computed from the same tables as the commodity pages. The full set is in patterns.json, and single facts from it appear each day on the facts page.